China’s low-elevation coastal cities, which hold a large share of the country’s population and economic output, face growing compound risks from sea level rise, storm surge, and extreme rainfall (1, 2). China’s annual losses from natural hazards such as typhoons average about US$76 billion (3), and hydrometeorological hazards generate large and recurrent economic losses (4, 5). However, cost estimates often focus on structural damage and overlook the economic shock caused by supply chain disruption, power outages, health effects, and slow productivity recovery (6–8). To reduce the systemic vulnerability that turns typhoons into national economic setbacks, China should improve the accuracy of loss accounting and strengthen preparedness.
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